Tapioca starch can be modified into several product and used in various application. For paper indsutrial, one of the most modifed starch used was Cationic Modified Tapioca Stafrch.
Many manufacture can produce this modified starch in Indonesia, and they have some brand name which knewn all the world.
It was very easy to modified tapioca starch into cationic starch, you only add some cationic promotor such derivative of Epichlorohydrine which can react at pH 9 and low temperature.
We can set the degree of substitution from lower ds until high ds by setting additional of cationic reagent.
There're method of Cationic Modified Starch, Wet Process and Semi Dry Process. Wet process is the best quality of cationic modified starch, no salts, low conductivity and better ds distribution.
Semi dry has more salts, higher conductivity and the distribution of ds was worsth.
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